gramm.noter2

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Grammatiknoter 2

Indhold

Grammatiknoter side 1

    · Udsagnsord/Verber Do-omskrivning, modalverber, udvidet tid,
      datid/før-nutid, fremtid, passiv, verbalkonstruktioner.
    · Uregelmæssige verber
    · Navneord/Substantiver Genitiv.
    · Tillægsord/Adjektiver Gradbøjning, støtteord.
    · Biord/Adverbier
    · Kendeord/Artikler the/a, a little/a few - little/few
    · Stedord/Pronominer who, which, that, whose,    man
    · Sætningsbygning/Syntaks Der-konstruktioner, kongruens,
        forholdsord + that/navnemåde, ordstilling, omvendt ordstilling,
        biords ordstilling

Grammatiknoter side 2

   · Tegnsætning
   · Bindeord/Konjunktioner As / like,     først
   · Forholdsord/Præpositioner
   · Synonymer arbejde, dømme, evne, fantasi, glæde, grænse, hurtig, jord, miljø,
     moral, natur, nægte, politik, præst, rig, samfund, skille, skæbne, streng, styrke,
     sund, undersøgelse, undertrykke, (u)sikker, økonomisk
   · Udtryk alder, i begyndelsen, til sidst, med hensyn til, i modsætning til

· Om at sammenknytte sætninger

Andre sider med grammatik - interne links

   · Online grammatiske øvelser supplement til den daglige undervisning i grammatik
   · Skal/skulle Interaktive oversættelsesøvelser
   · Repetition - Interaktive oversættelsesøvelser bør anvendes ved afslutningen
      af et grammatisk forløb
   · Nationalities

(Henvisningerne er til Ib Poulsen: Down-To-Earth)

Tegnsætning (Kap. 13):

Princip: pausekommatering.

1. Der er ikke komma mellem en hovedsætning og en efterfølgende bisætning
(dvs. aldrig komma foran en that-sætning):

     He said that it was time to go.
     He wondered why she had not come.
     He left when he had done the job.

2. Hvis bisætningen kommer før hovedsætningen, kan man sætte komma:
As she had not turned up after half an hour, he left the station.

3. Der sættes komma omkring indskud i en sætning:

     The old man, however, never appeared.
     My mother, who lives in Paris, was born in Denmark.
     Brennan, the old fool, never turned up.

4. Relative bisætninger (Kap. 15):

a) Ikke komma ved bestemmende relativsætninger (sætningen bestemmer nærmere det ord, den viser tilbage til).
    The girl you just spoke to is my sister.
      Here is a list of the best books I've read.
      Where is the knife Allan gave you?

b) Komma omkring parentetiske relativsætninger (et indskud, der giver en ekstra oplysning).
John, who is seven, began school yesterday.

5. Der sættes komma mellem led i en opremsning, evt. også foran and:
They bought apples, pears(,) and plums.
He took the red, old car.

6. Der sættes komma ved direkte tale, hvis det anførende verbal er et udsigeord (ellers kolon):
       He said, "Let there be light."
      "Let there be light," he said.
      "Let there," he said, "be light."

7. Der sættes oftest komma foran but.
He promised to come, but he never turned up.
He promised to come, but never turned up.

8. da. 8,5 = eng. 8.5

da. 3.000 = eng. 3,000

Bindeord/Konjunktioner:

As / like: (Kap. 38):

1. As er sætningssammenlignende: He did as he was told.
Like er ordsammenlignende: You had better behave like that boy.

2. As betegner identitet: He works as a teacher -
medens: He works like a maniac angiver en ordsammenligning.
3. “Som om” = as if: She acts as if she owns the place.
(Am. talesprog: She acts like she owns the place).

Først: (s. 61, Tip):

Når først = ikke før end skal det oversættes med not...until eller only:
He did not turn up until six o’clock.
I saw him only yesterday.
I only saw the car when it was too late.

NB: Not until six o’clock did he turn up: Se under omvendt ordstilling.

Forholdsord / Præpositioner

Hos:

hos bageren: at the baker's.

hos Peter: at Peter's, with Peter.

Med:

to travel on a plane, a bus, a train, a ship: være ombord i et større befordringsmiddel.

to ride in a car: et mindre køretøj.

to go by plane, bus, train, ship, car: transportmidlet.

Under/over:

above/below: bruges om niveau:

Skirts must be below the knee.

The people in the apartment above mine.

Under: dækket af, nedenunder:

Seek shelter under the trees. Look under the bed.

Over: dækkende over, ovenover:

Spread a cloth over the table.

Ved:

On bruges om positionen ved en linie, bla. vand:

a house on the main road / on the river / on the coast / on the bay.

Om tid:

It was late in the night/morning/evening/summer: normalt in ved tidsangivelse.

At Christmas/Easter, at the week-end: ved korte ferier.

On Sunday night: ved dato.

Synonymer

Arbejde: (work (U) / job (C)). Kap. 23 D.

Her job as a teacher is difficult:. et bestemt stykke arbejde = da. job.

Here is a job for me to do.

Her work as a teacher has been appreciated: begrebet arbejde.

Her work for the poor. I have some work left.

Dømme:

judge: det almindelige ord: Don't judge him too harshly.

sentence: når straffen er angivet: He was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.

convict: kende skyldig: He was convicted (of murder), the others were acquitted.

condemn: Kan bruges om streng straf: He was condemned to life imprisonment.

Evne, talent, etc:

ability, skill: (tillært) færdighed:
          He has the ability to make a very good boat.
        To learn the skill of flying a plane.            She weaves with great skill.

capacity, aptitude: (medfødt) evne, som måske endnu ikke er bragt til udfoldelse:
A capacity for remembering. He has an aptitude for languages.

competence: en tilstrækkelig men ikke usædvanlig evne:
To test his competence as a driver.

faculty: om en evne inden for et bestemt område:
the faculty of never forgetting people's names,
the faculty of making friends easily.

gift: medfødt, usædvanlig evne:
he has the gift of speaking, she has a gift for music.

power: medfødt evne:
she has the power to see the future.

talent : en medfødt evne:
she has a talent for music.

Fantasi:

imagination: evnen til at forestille sig noget: That girl has a lot of imagination.

fantasy: det som fantasien skaber: He lives in a fantasy world (= i sin fantasi).

Glæde:

pleasure: det almindelige ord:
it gives me great pleasure to welcome our speaker.

delight: mere intenst og mere synligt, ofte kortvarende:
to our great delight, the day turned out fine.

joy: dybtliggende og næsten smertefremkaldende:
she was overcome with (a deep sense of) joy.

Grænse:

boundary:

1. Fysisk defineret grænse. F.eks. en flod. Også mellem to lokalområder:
The ocean is the natural boundary of England. The city boundary.

2. Fig. brug = afgrænsning:
Children have a need to know where the permitted boundaries are.

border : landet på begge sider af grænsen: There was trouble on the Chinese border.

frontier: Den almindelige glose for landegrænse:
The frontier between Denmark and Germany.
(Am.): en grænse der bevæger sig fremad (set fra én side): Life on the frontier

limit: afslutning, ydergrænse:

Within the city limits. There is a limit to my patience. A speed limit.
Limitless ambition.

In the relationship between parents and children love comes first, but firm limits come second.

bounds: grænse der indeslutter noget, begrænsning man ikke må overskride:

There are no bounds to his ambition.
Public spending must be kept within reasonable bounds.
We must set bounds to his aggressive activities.

line:

one has to draw the line somewhere.
Did humanity cross a line on Sept. 11? (= bryde, overskride en grænse).

bryde grænser:

Young people seek new challenges.
Scientists continue to push back the boundaries of knowledge.
To push limits, one has to be willing to make mistakes.
McCoy Tyner and Elvin Jones push the limit, swinging hard.
He’s crossed a line today. He has just got no borders at all.

prøve grænser af:

Somebody was testing limits last night.

Hurtig:

fast: med stor hastighed: A fast train.

quick: på kort tid: Have a quick drink.

Jord:

earth:

kloden: the moon goes round the earth.

stoffet: a lump of earth, fill a hole with earth.

ground: overfladen:

to sit on the ground.

soil: jordbund til dyrkning:

plant sth in soil, poor/rich soil.

land: jord, marker:

stony land, 100 acres of farming land, land for sale.

Moral:

morale : kampvilje, arbejdsmoral: The soldiers' morale.

moral: morale: the moral of this story is...

morals (pl): a man without morals: om moralske leveregler, især sexuelt.

morality (begreb (U)): is there any morality in politics: god opførsel.

norms/standards: the moral norms/standards of our society.

Mål, formål, hensigt:

She had no intention of going home: = hensigt.

Have a purpose in life: indebærer en større grad af vilje og beslutsomhed.

What is the purpose of your education?: hvad er din dybere mening?

What is your aim in life? - To become famous: aim går på det endelige mål, på opfyldelsen af ens anstrengelser (medens purpose beskriver, hvordan man kommer derhen).

This church is the main object of his interest: det mål henimod hvilket følelser og energi er rettet.

With no object in life: mål, formål (som aim).

The goal of all his efforts was to be admitted to Cambridge: indebærer at det koster anstrengelser at nå målet.

To pursue, reach, attain one's goal in life.

To reach one's destination: bestemmelsessted.

The firm did not meet its export targets: mål som kan udtrykkes i tal.

Natur:

Pas på med dette ord. Nature er et abstrakt begreb, (som altså ikke kan ses og som man ikke kan bevæge sig i). Det optræder i uafgrænset betydning uden the:

We cannot control nature. The study of nature. The joys nature brings to those who explore it.

I de fleste tilfælde må man finde et andet ord:

I love this wild scenery: et konkret stykke natur/landskab, betragtet på afstand.

Let’s leave the city and go for a walk in the country: landet modsat byen.

She explored the countryside round Leeds: marker, skove, etc. uden for byerne, den reelle fysiske natur (modsat begrebet).

The factory had polluted the environment: naturen/miljøet.

I enjoy being out in the wilderness, it is a peaceful experience:
den vilde natur modsat civilisation.
Animals would produce more young in the wild than they do in the zoo:
i naturen - uafhængigt af mennesker.

Nægte:

Refuse: = vil ikke:
He refused to help me.

Deny: = benægte:
The thief denied everything.
He denied stealing the car (= nægtede at have).

Politik:

· Local politics: begrebet generelt.
· Our policy on education: en bestemt politik.

Præst:

   · Minister, clergyman: de almindelige betegnelser i protestantiske kirker.
   · Rector, vicar: sognepræst
   · Priest: katolske og ikke-kristne præster

Rig:

rich: den mest rummelige og anvendelige glose, med mange penge.

wealthy: den materielle velstand, mængden af materielle goder.

prosperous: rig, velhavende. Det at tingene går godt for en. Økonomisk tivsel.

affluent: en stadig tilflyden af rigdom og ressourcer.

Samfund:

society: det overordnede begreb:
drugs and other dangers to society (NB uden the i almen betydning)

community: enkelt, afgrænset, konkret samfundsgruppe:
work for the good of the (local) community

Skille:

separate: holde adskilt.

divide: dele op.

part: ved magtanvendelse: the police parted the crowd.

Skæbne:

fate: er det almindelige ord, bruges om alminde-lige mennesker og daglidags begivenheder:
She met with an unkind fate. Nothing is known of the fate of the three men.

destiny: har en højtideligere klang og bruges om store, vigtige begivenheder, store mænds eller samfunds skæbne.
Desuden bruges destiny om en hel livsskæbne, fate om skæbnen i en bestemt situation:
It was Churchill's destiny to lead his country in war. Will Africa be my destiny?

lot: kan også bruges om en persons skæbne:
It was my lot to marry the wrong person.

fortune: om den skiftende skæbne, held/uheld:
Fortune has not been kind to her.

Streng:

strict: striks, nøjeregnende mht. loves og reglers overholdelse.

severe: hård, ublid (i handling eller dom).
He was as strict in observing the rules as he was severe in punishing a breach of them

stringent: stram, ubøjelig, med en indskrænkende, indsnævrende virkning:
Stringent regulations. A stringent economic climate (= ikke nok penge).

Styrke:

strength (fysisk styrke, kræfter):
A man of great strength.

power (indre kraft der kan udnyttes):
The ship was helpless against the power of the storm.

force (den energi, der slippes løs):
He was knocked over by the force of the wind.
The strength of the door resisted the force of the blow.

Sund/Usund:

Healthy: sund og rask, legemligt og åndeligt, gavnlig for helbredet:
a healthy dog, a healthy mind, unhealthy living conditions.

Wholesome : sund, nyttig, gavnlig, især om mad og drikke:
an unwholesome climate, wholesome food.

Undersøgelse:

inquiry: det bredest dækkende udtryk.

examination: undersøgelse i detaljer:
the doctor sent him to the hospital for a thorough examination.

investigation: efterforskning, komme på sporet af noget.

inspection: især om officiel undersøgelse

search: visitering, gennemsøgning.

research: forskning. [Utælleligt - eller flertal researches]
to carry out research on cancer.

study: en detaljeret undersøgelse af et emne, især om en skriftlig afhandling:
to publish a study of the country's export trade.

survey: oversigt:
a survey of modern music.

Undertrykke:

Holde totalt, grusomt nede:
oppress the poor / the Blacks
(især i passivkonstruktion: a people oppressed by a military dictator).

Slå noget ned med vold, der er på vej op:
suppress a rebellion, repress all protest.

Underkue med brug af magt:
subdue the rebels.

Tilbageholde følelser:
suppress a smile, repress his feelings, she tried to subdue her anger.

Fortrænge:
repress his desires.

(U)sikker:

an insecure future: utryg

an uncertain future: uvis

he was unsure of the facts: bruges om en person

Økonomisk:

Om privatpersons eller firmas pengeforhold:
Financial affairs, problems.

Om nationale og internationale forhold:
Economic development, problems.

= sparsommelig:
An economical car.

Udtryk

Alder:

a girl my age, I have a son your age

a girl of seventeen, a seventeen-year-old girl, a girl aged seventeen

he left school at (the age of) fifteen

at what age do children start school

I begyndelsen:

at first, to begin with, in the beginning.

I begyndelsen af: At the beginning of the book.

Til sidst:

Finally har den bredeste betydning:
When he finally arrived, he was exhausted.

In the end: om resultatet efter forskellige hændelser/overvejelser:
The police always get the criminals in the end.

At last: = langt om længe, omsider:
The ambulance came at last.

Til sidst i bogen:
At the end of the book/story.

Med hensyn til:

with regard to, as to, as regards, regarding,
concerning, as concerns, as far as...is concerned.

I modsætning til:

Unlike Paul...

Om at sammenknytte sætninger:
Logiske forbindeelementer

Adverbielle led

Opremsning

first(ly), secondly, thirdly; next, then; finally, lastly; to begin with, to start with.

Argumenterende opremsning

     · in the first place, in the second place, for one thing....(and) for another (thing):
         ‘Why don’t you get a car?’ - ‘Well, for one thing, I can’t drive; for another..’
          (: for det første...)

Tilføjelse

also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, above all, what is more,
equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way:

You'll need plenty of food. Likewise, you'll need warm clothes.

Præcisering

namely (kun foran opremsning):
Only one boy was absent, namely Harry
in other words, for example/e.g., for instance, that is/i.e., that is to say.

Konstatering

in fact, as a matter of fact, actually.

Overgang

by the way, incidentally, talking about, regarding,
as regards,             as far as...is concerned,                           as for:

    Talking about Lucy, did you know she...
     As for the children, they'll have to sleep on the floor.

Konklusion

then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, in short.

Resultat / begrundelse

consequently, therefore, as a result, thus, accordingly, so:

The shops were closed, so I couldn't get any butter.

Følgeslutning

or else,    otherwise,     then,     in other words,     in that case:

     Run or else you'll be late.
     Do what you have been told, otherwise you will be punished.

Nyformulering

(or) better, (or) rather, (or) in other words.

Alternativ

alternatively, rather, on the other hand.

Kontrast

instead, then, on the contrary, in contast, by comparison,
(on the one hand...) on the other hand.
I modsætning til = unlike:
Unlike me, my husband likes to get up early.

Modsætning / indrømmelse

anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, nevertheless,
still, though, yet, in any case, at any rate, in spite of that,
after all,         on the other hand,          all the same:

        He claims to be a socialist, and yet he has two houses.
        It is not a very nice flat. On the other hand/still, it's cheap.
        Our team lost. It was a good game, though.

Konjunktioner (bindeord) m.m.

1 Betingelse: If he told you that...            Unless you work harder....

2 Indrømmelse: although, though, even though, even if:
        (Al)though I enjoyed myself...                  Even if I dislike music...

3 Årsag: because, as, since

4 Hensigt: so that, (in order) to:
       I left early to catch the train,
in order that, so that:
       John went to London in order that/ so that he could see his MP.

5 Modsætning: while, whereas:
       They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.

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